HELLP SYNDROME: A REVIEW OF ETIOPATHOGENIC, CLINICAL, DIAGNOSTIC, AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS

Abstract

Hypertensive syndromes of pregnancy, including HELLP Syndrome (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, and Low Platelets), represent a severe complication of preeclampsia, affecting about 7% of pregnancies. The origin of HELLP Syndrome is associated with inadequate placental development, oxidative stress, and endothelial injury, resulting in severe complications such as hemolysis, liver dysfunction, and thrombocytopenia. Early diagnosis is essential to prevent unfavorable outcomes. This study conducts an integrative review of the literature, exploring the epidemiological, pathophysiological, clinical, diagnostic, and management aspects of HELLP Syndrome. With an incidence of 0.1% to 0.9% of pregnancies, HELLP Syndrome frequently occurs in the context of severe preeclampsia and is characterized by a high maternal and perinatal mortality rate. The pathophysiology involves immunological and genetic factors, leading to vascular and endothelial dysfunctions. Clinically, the syndrome manifests with symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and hypertension. The diagnosis is confirmed by specific laboratory tests, while treatment generally involves the termination of pregnancy and intensive maternal-fetal care.