CONGENITAL EYE DISEASES: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT IN PEDIATRIC

Abstract

Congenital eye diseases are anomalies that affect the structure and function of the eyes from birth, and can result in significant visual impairment if not diagnosed and treated appropriately. These conditions can vary in severity and impact, from relatively minor problems such as strabismus to more serious conditions such as congenital cataracts and congenital glaucoma. Early diagnosis is essential to initiate therapeutic interventions and ensure better visual and functional results for affected children. Management of these diseases requires a multidisciplinary approach that involves pediatric ophthalmologists, geneticists, pediatricians and other health professionals, as well as parental support and education. Objective: The objective of this systematic literature review is to analyze and synthesize the evidence available over the last 10 years on the diagnosis and management of congenital ocular diseases in pediatrics in order to provide a comprehensive overview of diagnostic strategies, treatment options and associated challenges to these conditions. Methodology: Using the PRISMA checklist, this systematic review searched for articles published in the last 10 years in the PubMed, Scielo and Web of Science databases. The descriptors used were "congenital eye diseases", "diagnosis", "management", "pediatrics" and "children". The inclusion criteria were original studies and systematic reviews that addressed the diagnosis and management of congenital eye diseases in children. Exclusion criteria were studies in languages other than English, Spanish or Portuguese, animal studies and studies without access to the full text. Results: The results of this systematic review highlighted several diagnostic approaches, including pediatric ophthalmologic examinations, genetic testing, and imaging studies. Regarding management, therapeutic options such as surgery, drug therapy and visual rehabilitation were discussed. Furthermore, challenges such as psychosocial impact and the need for a multidisciplinary approach were addressed. Conclusion: The systematic review highlighted the importance of early diagnosis and adequate management of congenital eye diseases in pediatrics to ensure better visual and functional results. An integrated and collaborative approach between different medical specialties is essential for the holistic care of these patients.