NUTRITION AND BONE HEALTH IN AGING: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DIETARY PATTERNS, NUTRIENT INTAKE, AND BONE HEALTH INDICATORS IN ADULTS AND OLDER ADULTS

Abstract

Aging involves physiological changes that may compromise bone health and increase the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. This study aimed to analyze the association between dietary patterns, nutrient intake, and bone health indicators in aging adults. An integrative literature review with a qualitative, descriptive approach was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE and SciELO, covering publications from January 2016 to October 2026. Twenty-four original observational and intervention studies were included. Higher diet quality scores were associated with lower odds of osteoporosis in certain populations, whereas greater consumption of ultra-processed foods and higher dietary acid load were associated with unfavorable bone health indicators. Healthy plant-based dietary patterns and consumption of certain dairy products showed favorable associations, although findings varied according to the outcome assessed. Results concerning protein, calcium, magnesium, and vitamins K and D intake were heterogeneous. A multifactorial intervention combining a Mediterranean diet, physical activity, and behavioral support showed favorable effects on lumbar spine bone mineral density, but these effects could not be attributed to diet alone. Overall dietary quality and nutritional adequacy are relevant to bone health during aging. However, the predominance of observational studies and methodological heterogeneity limit causal inferences and do not support claims that individual nutrients or dietary patterns prevent osteoporosis or fractures.