FROM SYMPTOM TO DIAGNOSIS: REVIEW OF CLINICAL APPROACHES TO THE MOST PREVALENT COMPLAINTS IN ADULTS

Abstract

The most prevalent clinical complaints in adults represent a substantial portion of the demand in primary care and emergency services, requiring general practitioners to apply a systematic and evidence-based approach. This study presents a literature review on the main diagnostic strategies applied to common symptoms, including pain, fever, dyspnea, headache, syncope, and gastrointestinal disturbances. The research was conducted in the SciELO, PubMed, and LILACS databases, covering articles published in the last five years and prioritizing updated clinical guidelines and reviews addressing the progression from initial symptom presentation to diagnostic definition. The literature shows that structured anamnesis and targeted physical examination remain essential pillars for screening and distinguishing between benign conditions and more severe pathologies. Additionally, the rational use of laboratory and imaging tests contributes to reducing diagnostic errors and optimizing medical conduct. The study concludes that clinical practice supported by decision-making algorithms, combined with continuous professional education, is fundamental for improving diagnostic accuracy and patient safety.