OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME: CHALLENGES IN DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND CURRENT PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a chronic respiratory condition, highly prevalent and frequently underdiagnosed, associated with significant cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurocognitive repercussions, constituting a relevant public health problem. Objective: To critically review the scientific literature on OSAS in adults, with emphasis on diagnostic challenges, therapeutic approaches, and current perspectives in clinical management. Methodology: This is a literature review conducted through searches in the PubMed/MEDLINE database, using controlled descriptors from the Medical Subject Headings and free terms related to OSAS, diagnosis, and treatment. Articles published in the last 10 years, in English, focusing on the adult population were included. Results: The analyzed studies demonstrated a high prevalence of OSAS and a consistent association with adverse clinical outcomes. Polysomnography remains the reference diagnostic method, although home sleep tests have shown applicability in specific contexts. Positive airway pressure therapy constitutes the first-line treatment, with alternative therapeutic options described for selected patients. Discussion: The findings reinforce challenges related to underdiagnosis, treatment adherence, and the need for individualized strategies. Conclusion: The integration of accessible diagnostic methods and personalized therapies is essential to optimize OSAS management and reduce its clinical and social burden.