INFECTIOUS ENDOCARDITIS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

This literature review gathered articles published in the last five years in the PUBMED and SciELO databases aiming to review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, complications and prognosis related to infective endocarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious infection that affects the endocardium, including the heart valves, with high morbidity and mortality. Usually caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus, the infection occurs when a pathogen adheres to the previously damaged endocardium, forming vegetations that can cause embolisms and valvular insufficiency. Diagnosis is based on the Duke criteria, with emphasis on blood cultures and echocardiography. Treatment includes prolonged antibiotic therapy and, often, surgical intervention to repair or replace damaged valves. Complications such as heart failure and systemic embolism are common and can be fatal. Recent advances in diagnostics, such as PCR and PET/CT, and the development of new antimicrobials, have improved the management of IE. However, prevention remains crucial, especially in high-risk patients, through antibiotic prophylaxis and rigorous oral hygiene. A multidisciplinary approach and long-term follow-up are essential to improve outcomes and prevent disease recurrence.