ACUTE VIRAL BRONCHIOLITIS: DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES

Abstract

Acute viral bronchiolitis (AVB) is a respiratory infection predominantly affecting children under two years of age, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the primary causative agent. It is characterized by inflammation of the bronchioles, leading to symptoms such as persistent cough, respiratory distress, wheezing, and in severe cases, respiratory failure. The prevalence of RSV makes bronchiolitis one of the leading causes of pediatric hospitalization during the winter season. Diagnosis is clinical, based on symptom presentation, and may be confirmed by laboratory tests to identify RSV and other viral pathogens when necessary. Treatment is generally supportive, involving the administration of oxygen, intravenous fluids, and ventilatory support in more severe cases. Preventive measures, such as passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies and infection control practices, are essential to reduce the incidence and severity of the disease. A review of management practices and advancements in therapeutic research indicates that while symptomatic treatment remains predominant, there is ongoing pursuit of effective antiviral therapies and vaccines for RSV. Understanding risk factors, prevention strategies, and new therapeutic approaches is crucial for effective management of AVB and improving clinical outcomes for affected patients.