DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: KEY ASPECTS OF THE DISEASE

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by pathological changes in the retinal blood vessels due to chronic hyperglycemia. It can lead to significant vision loss and even blindness, substantially affecting patients' quality of life. The prevalence of DR is high in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, influenced by factors such as disease duration and inadequate glycemic control. Pathophysiological mechanisms include endothelial dysfunction, microaneurysm formation, and neovascularization, all contributing to retinal health deterioration. Diagnosis is enhanced by advanced techniques such as fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein angiography, which allow for early detection and detailed monitoring of the disease. Treatment of DR involves approaches like laser photocoagulation, antiangiogenic therapies, and corticosteroids, aiming to control disease progression and preserve vision. Additionally, strict glycemic control and regular screening are essential to prevent DR progression and minimize the impact of the disease on patients' lives. Continuous management strategies and new research are needed to improve clinical outcomes and the quality of life for affected patients, highlighting the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to diabetic retinopathy treatment.