ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN ANIMALS

Abstract

The discovery of antibiotics marked a milestone in medical history, revolutionizing the treatment of bacterial infections and significantly reducing mortality rates. However, the indiscriminate, prolonged, and inappropriate use of these drugs in both human and veterinary medicine has triggered one of the greatest challenges of modern times: antimicrobial resistance. This study aims to review the scientific literature on antibiotic resistance in animals, emphasizing its main contributing factors, biological mechanisms, and implications for public and veterinary health.This research was conducted through a qualitative and descriptive literature review, using national and international scientific publications from databases such as SciELO, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, covering the period from 2007 to 2024. Studies addressing the use of antibiotics in production and companion animals, bacterial resistance mechanisms, and adopted prevention measures were included.The findings demonstrate that excessive and improper use of antibiotics in livestock production is one of the main factors responsible for the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli stand out for their ability to develop multiple resistances, complicating infection treatments in both humans and animals. Moreover, bacterial biofilm formation and horizontal gene transfer contribute to the dissemination of resistant strains. In dairy farming, the misuse of antibiotics in bovine mastitis treatment leads to resistant strains and antimicrobial residues in milk, compromising food safety and international trade.Given this scenario, the adoption of more controlled and conscious approaches to antibiotic use becomes essential. Combating antimicrobial resistance requires integrated and continuous strategies based on the rational use of antimicrobials, the promotion of research on new therapeutic alternatives, and the strengthening of epidemiological surveillance. Professional training and awareness among producers about responsible practices are crucial to reducing the spread of resistant microorganisms. In conclusion, this study reinforces the importance of the One Health concept, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health as a key approach to preserving antibiotic effectiveness and promoting sustainable animal production.