VIRAL CROUP IN PEDIATRICS: ETIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION

Abstract

Viral croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is an acute respiratory infection that primarily affects children under five years of age, with the highest incidence between one and three years old. It is mainly caused by respiratory viruses, with the parainfluenza virus being the most common, followed by respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and rhinovirus. The resulting inflammation affects the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, leading to upper airway obstruction and triggering characteristic symptoms such as a barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and hoarseness. In more severe cases, respiratory failure may occur, requiring immediate treatment. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the presentation of symptoms, while imaging tests, such as X-rays, are only used in cases of diagnostic uncertainty. Treatment depends on the severity of the case, ranging from supportive care, such as hydration and saline nebulization, to the use of corticosteroids like dexamethasone, which has proven effective in reducing inflammation and symptoms. In more severe situations, nebulized epinephrine is used to quickly relieve edema and improve ventilation. Most cases resolve benignly within 48 hours, but it is important to monitor patients at higher risk of complications, such as those with pre-existing respiratory conditions. Preventive measures, such as influenza vaccination and hygiene practices, are essential to reduce the spread of the causative viruses, especially in environments frequented by children. Proper management and prevention can significantly reduce morbidity associated with viral croup, promoting better outcomes for affected children.