PRESENCE OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESIDUES IN THE ENVIRONMENT: CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS AND RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH

Abstract

The increasing consumption of pharmaceuticals over recent decades has contributed to the presence of pharmaceutical residues in the environment, representing an emerging public health and environmental concern. This study aimed to conduct a systematic literature review following the PRISMA guidelines to analyze the occurrence, chemical behavior, ecotoxicological effects, and human health risks associated with these contaminants. The literature search was performed in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and SciELO, covering publications from 2000 to 2025. After the selection process, 66 studies were included in the final analysis. The findings revealed the widespread occurrence of pharmaceutical residues, particularly in aquatic environments, resulting from improper disposal, human and animal excretion, and the limited efficiency of conventional wastewater treatment systems. These compounds exhibit high environmental persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and the ability to generate toxic by-products. Reported ecotoxicological effects include physiological, reproductive, and behavioral changes in aquatic organisms, as well as impacts on biodiversity. Regarding human health, the main concerns are chronic exposure, endocrine disruption, and antimicrobial resistance. It is concluded that pharmaceutical pollution requires stronger public policies, more efficient treatment technologies, and environmental education based on the One Health approach.