ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION AND MICROCEPHALY: LONG-TERM NEUROLOGICAL SEQUELAE AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Abstract

Introduction: Zika virus infection has been widely studied due to its serious implications, especially for maternal and fetal health. Transmitted primarily by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the Zika virus has been identified as the cause of a series of neurological complications, including microcephaly and other congenital malformations. The impact of infection during pregnancy has raised great global concern, highlighting the need to deepen knowledge about the long-term consequences of these complications. Furthermore, the difficulties in controlling the vector, combined with climate and socioeconomic issues, have complicated the response to the epidemic, making the study of its repercussions and management strategies crucial. Objective: This systematic literature review aimed to evaluate the available evidence on the long-term neurological sequelae of Zika virus infection, as well as the clinical implications associated with these complications, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of management and prevention strategies. Methodology: The methodology was based on the PRISMA checklist, using the PubMed, Scielo and Web of Science databases to collect scientific articles published in the last 10 years. The descriptors used were "Zika virus", "microcephaly", "neurological sequelae", "pregnancy", and "public health". Inclusion criteria included studies that addressed congenital Zika virus infection, articles focusing on neurological complications, and systematic reviews. Exclusion criteria included studies with populations outside the scope of the study, articles not available in full text, and publications prior to the Zika outbreak in the Americas. Results: The results of the review indicated that children exposed to the Zika virus during pregnancy had a high risk of developing microcephaly and other serious neurological complications. Studies also highlighted the importance of early interventions to improve the neuropsychomotor development of affected children. In addition, it was identified that preventing virus transmission remains a challenge, requiring an integrated and continuous approach. Conclusion: The review highlighted that the neurological sequelae associated with Zika infection are profound and far-reaching, significantly impacting the quality of life of affected children and their families. The implementation of effective public policies, combined with advances in therapeutic research, is essential to mitigate the effects of this infection and improve clinical outcomes.