CELIAC DISEASE: DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND CHALLENGES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

Abstract

Celiac disease is a chronic enteropathy resulting from a permanent intolerance to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. It is triggered by autoimmune mechanisms in genetically predisposed individuals, resulting in a wide range of clinical manifestations that regress with the exclusion of gluten from the diet. With a global prevalence of approximately 1%, the disease presents variably, including classic gastrointestinal symptoms, extraintestinal manifestations, and asymptomatic forms, making its diagnosis challenging. Diagnosis involves a combination of serological tests, intestinal biopsy, and clinical evaluation. Advances in serological markers, such as anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies and deamidated gliadin peptide antibodies, have improved diagnostic accuracy. Treatment consists of a permanent gluten-free diet, which is challenging due to inadvertent contamination. Follow-up with nutritionists and gastroenterologists is essential for adherence to the diet and prevention of nutritional deficiencies. Research is underway to develop new therapies that complement the gluten-free diet and improve the quality of life of celiac patients.