MELANOMA: EARLY DETECTION, SURGICAL TREATMENT AND FOLLOW-UP SURVEILLANCE

Abstract

Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer, derived from melanocytes, cells responsible for producing pigment. Early detection of this cancer is crucial for a favorable prognosis, as melanoma can metastasize quickly, increasing morbidity and mortality. Primary treatment consists of surgical excision of the tumor, often followed by additional therapies depending on the stage and depth of the lesion. Post-treatment surveillance is essential to detect relapses early and monitor high-risk patients. Objective: To analyze and synthesize early detection methods, surgical procedures used in the treatment of melanoma, and post-treatment surveillance protocols described in recent scientific literature. Methodology: The systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA checklist. The PubMed, Scielo and Web of Science databases were consulted for articles published in the last 10 years. The descriptors used were "melanoma", "early detection", "surgical treatment", "follow-up", and "surveillance". Inclusion criteria were original studies that investigated diagnostic methods, surgical treatments and follow-up protocols. Exclusion criteria were studies unrelated to the topic, isolated case reports and studies with small samples or lack of relevant data. Results: The results highlighted the effectiveness of techniques such as dermoscopy and excisional biopsy in the early detection of melanoma. Regarding surgical treatment, excision with adequate margins was essential to reduce the risk of local recurrence. Post-treatment surveillance protocols included periodic clinical assessments and imaging examinations, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis of metastases. Conclusion: In summary, the review highlighted the critical importance of early detection, appropriate surgical treatment, and strict surveillance in the management of melanoma. These integrated approaches not only improve clinical outcomes but also reduce morbidity and increase survival for patients diagnosed with this devastating disease.