BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS: ETIOPATHOGENIC, CLINICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS

Abstract

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a highly prevalent condition characterized by the return of stomach acid content to the esophagus due to malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter. This results in frequent symptoms such as retrosternal burning, acid regurgitation, chest pain, and swallowing difficulties. A serious complication associated with GERD is Barrett's esophagus (BE), where intestinal metaplasia of the esophageal tissue occurs, significantly increasing the risk of esophageal cancer development. Risk factors such as obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and diets high in fatty and spicy foods are often linked to the development of these conditions. Accurate diagnosis typically involves endoscopy with biopsy, allowing for the identification of histological changes such as intestinal metaplasia. Treatment encompasses a multifaceted approach, including medication therapy with proton pump inhibitors and lifestyle adjustments such as weight loss, controlled diet, and changes in eating habits. In more severe cases, endoscopic procedures or surgery may be required to control symptoms and prevent future complications, underscoring the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to improve patients' quality of life and reduce the risk of cancer progression.