OPHTHALMOLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Abstract

Ophthalmological complications of diabetes mellitus are a growing healthcare concern as the prevalence of diabetes increases on a global scale. The chronic condition of diabetes mellitus, characterized by high blood glucose levels, can result in significant damage to eye health, threatening patients' quality of life and independence. Ophthalmological complications associated with this condition are one of the main causes of preventable blindness worldwide. Therefore, a systematic literature review is essential to gather and analyze the most recent and relevant studies on the ophthalmological complications of diabetes in order to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in this area. Objective: to analyze and synthesize the most recent and relevant studies that address the ophthalmological complications of diabetes mellitus. The aim is to examine the incidence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods and treatment options of these complications, as well as highlight emerging trends in research related to the topic. The review aims to provide up-to-date information that can assist healthcare professionals, researchers and policymakers in the prevention, diagnosis and effective treatment of ophthalmological complications associated with diabetes mellitus. Methodology: To carry out this systematic literature review, four databases were consulted: PubMed, Scielo, Web of Science. These databases were chosen for their scope and relevance in the area of health and medical research. The descriptors used were: "diabetes mellitus," "ophthalmological complications," "diabetic retinopathy," "diabetic macular edema," and "ophthalmological treatment of diabetes." The Inclusion Criteria were: Studies published in the last 10 years, that is, from 2013 to 2023; Studies that specifically address ophthalmological complications of diabetes mellitus and Studies in English, Spanish or Portuguese. Exclusion Criteria: Studies that do not directly address the topic of ophthalmological complications of diabetes, Studies with very small samples or low methodological quality and Duplicate studies or with insufficient information for analysis. Results: the systematic literature review identified a total of 15 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Among the main topics covered in the articles reviewed, the following stand out: The increasing prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema in patients with diabetes. The impact of chronic hyperglycemia and arterial hypertension on the development of ophthalmological complications. Advances in diagnostic techniques such as fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography. Therapeutic options, including laser treatment, intravitreal injections and surgeries, highlighting the effectiveness of anti-VEGF therapy. Prevention and control strategies, emphasizing the importance of regular monitoring and control of glucose and blood pressure. Conclusion: This systematic literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the ophthalmological complications of diabetes mellitus. The studies analyzed highlight the importance of early detection, adequate control of glucose and blood pressure, as well as modern therapeutic options in the prevention and treatment of ophthalmological complications. The research also highlights the need for continued surveillance and patient education, as well as the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. This information is valuable for healthcare professionals, patients and researchers interested in the effective management of ophthalmological complications of diabetes mellitus.