SPONTANEOUS QUATERNARY AMMONIUM POISONING IN DOGS AND CATS: A REVIEW

Abstract

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely used in pharmaceutical and sanitizing formulations, with benzalkonium chloride (BAC) standing out, particularly during the Covid-19 pandemic. Despite their antimicrobial effectiveness, accidental exposure to these compounds can result in significant toxic effects in humans and animals. In the present study, the clinical and pathological aspects of acute QAC poisoning in dogs and cats were described, including respiratory, digestive, and cutaneous manifestations. Reports also indicate reproductive complications and hypersensitivity reactions, highlighting the complexity of the toxicity mechanisms. It is concluded that QAC poisoning in dogs and cats represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, requiring greater awareness, preventive measures, and further experimental and clinical studies to support safe practices and effective management protocols.