UROLITHIASIS: LITERATURA REVIEW

Abstract

Urolithiasis occurs when there are one or more stones inside organs or channels in the urinary system. The change occurs due to the formation of crystalline conglomerates and organic matrix, capable of causing symptoms. Urolithiasis is a multifactorial disease that is influenced by environmental, genetic and social factors. Metabolic disorders such as hypercalciuria, hypercitraturia, hyperuricosuria, obesity and primary hyperparathyroidism directly influence stone appearance, as well as anatomical genetic disorders. Kidney stones are more common in adults. The clinical picture of urolithiasis is very classic, as the symptoms usually begin with central or flank abdominal pain, which is classified as "nephrotic colic syndrome". Positive Giordano's sign, a semiological finding that may be present in urolithiasis, regardless of its etiology. To confirm whether or not there is a calculus, it is necessary to perform an imaging exam. There are two tests indicated for this diagnosis: non-contrast helical computed tomography and urinary tract ultrasound. The diagnosis, epidemiology and treatment of urolithiasis are extremely important to reduce the prevalence and incidence of the disease in emergency rooms and clinics in Brazil and around the world, in order to reduce the burden that this multifactorial disease generates for the Unified Health System (SUS).