EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CRITICAL CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES: THE ROLE OF FETAL AND NEONATAL ECHOCARDIOGRAM

Abstract

This article sought to examine the effectiveness of methods currently used in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease, fetal malformations that are among the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. A narrative review with a qualitative approach was conducted, based on publications indexed between 2020 and 2025 in the PubMed database. The analysis focused on the accuracy of fetal echocardiography, highlighting its role as the primary screening test, but also considered the complementary use of 3D/4D ultrasound (including the STIC technique), fetal magnetic resonance imaging, and artificial intelligence. The reviewed studies show sensitivity rates above 80% in referral centers, as well as significant diagnostic improvements with the application of three-dimensional techniques and machine learning algorithms. The conclusion is that the combination of traditional methods and emerging technologies enhances the early detection of cardiac anomalies, contributing to safer obstetric and neonatal management. Standardization of protocols and investment in professional training are highlighted as essential strategies for improving clinical practice in high-risk prenatal care.