THE EVOLUTION OF VACCINATION RATES BEFORE AND AFTER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE NORTHERN REGION OF BRAZIL

Abstract

This study analyzes the dynamics of vaccination coverage in the North Region of Brazil, focusing on a comparison between the pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic periods. Historically ensured by the National Immunization Program (PNI), vaccination coverage in Brazil has faced a concerning decline over the last few decades—a situation that is particularly critical in the North Region. A literature review and data analysis confirm that this downward trend, which existed prior to 2020, was significantly exacerbated by the pandemic. The factors driving this low coverage are multifaceted, encompassing social inequalities, geographical challenges (related to access), the spread of misinformation, and deficiencies in local healthcare infrastructure. The pandemic intensified the problem due to the redirection of resources toward combating COVID-19 and the suspension of routine health services. National data show a drop in average coverage from 75.2% to 63.7%, with the North Region recording the lowest rates in the country. Examples such as Roraima—which experienced declines of over 10% in the uptake of essential vaccines (such as the MMR vaccine)—illustrate the severity of the scenario. It is concluded that this phenomenon is multifactorial and that overcoming this setback requires urgent, intersectoral action. Recommendations include restructuring the PNI, strengthening Primary Health Care, and implementing communication campaigns tailored to regional specificities, with the goal of restoring public trust and preventing the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases.