OPHTHALMOLOGICAL DISEASES RELATED TO SUN EXPOSURE: THE ROLE OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CATARACTS AND PTERYGIUM

Abstract

Ophthalmological diseases related to sun exposure represent a significant public health issue, particularly for individuals subjected to chronic ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Notable conditions associated with this exposure include cataracts and pterygium; their pathophysiology involves mechanisms such as oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammatory processes induced by UV radiation, which can significantly compromise visual quality and overall quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the role of ultraviolet radiation exposure in the development of cataracts and pterygium, emphasizing the pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors, and prevention strategies described in the literature. This is a systematic review conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, utilizing the PubMed and Virtual Health Library (VHL) databases to identify studies published between 2017 and 2026. Following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 studies were selected for qualitative analysis. The results demonstrated a consistent association between cumulative ultraviolet radiation exposure—primarily UV-B—and an increased incidence of cataracts (especially the cortical type) and pterygium, particularly among individuals with occupational exposure to sunlight. Furthermore, it was found that factors such as age, latitude, duration of sun exposure, and the lack of eye protection increase the risk of these conditions. The discussion highlights that preventive measures, such as the use of UV-protective eyewear and wide-brimmed hats, are effective strategies for reducing ocular damage related to solar radiation, although methodological limitations and variations among the available studies persist. It is concluded that chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation plays a fundamental role in the development of cataracts and pterygium, underscoring the importance of adopting preventive measures and implementing health education policies focused on eye protection.