EARLY-ONSET HYPERTENSION IN MIDDLE AGE: RECENT EVIDENCE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH

Abstract

Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a chronic condition with high prevalence and a major risk factor for cardiovascular and renal diseases, as well as premature mortality. An increase in SAH among young and middle-aged adults has been observed. This study aimed to analyze recent evidence on early-onset hypertension in young and middle-aged adults, identifying risk factors, epidemiological trends, and recommendations from national and international guidelines. Data published between 2018 and 2024 were reviewed, including observational studies, cohort studies, systematic reviews, and clinical guidelines. Articles in both Portuguese and English were considered, prioritizing studies with reliable data on early-onset hypertension. Studies indicate a prevalence of 30–45% among middle-aged adults, with a progressive increase in young adults, particularly men. Key determinants include obesity, physical inactivity, inadequate diet, alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and low educational level. Early-onset hypertension is a multifactorial condition, requiring early prevention and a combined approach involving public health policies, health education, and lifestyle modifications to reduce morbidity, mortality, and cardiovascular complications.