ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND THE ROLE OF THE DENTIST IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease associated with systemic effects and changes in the oral cavity. This study aimed to analyze the main oral manifestations associated with DM and discuss the dentist’s role in early recognition of suggestive signs and referral for systemic investigation. This narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed and the CAPES Journals Portal, with the descriptors Diabetes mellitus, Oral manifestations, Early diagnosis, and Dentistry. Full-text articles published in Portuguese or English between 2016 and 2025 were considered. The search identified 57 records; after screening, eligibility assessment, and duplicate removal, nine studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Reported manifestations included periodontal disease, xerostomia, oral candidiasis, delayed wound healing, and increased susceptibility to infections. The bidirectional relationship between DM and periodontal disease was highlighted: inadequate metabolic control may contribute to periodontitis progression, while periodontal inflammation may hinder glycemic control. No isolated oral manifestation confirms a diagnosis of DM; however, multiple or recurrent findings may warrant further investigation, patient guidance, and medical referral in collaboration with the multidisciplinary healthcare team.