SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Abstract

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a heterogeneous group of conditions affecting the masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and associated structures, clinically characterized by orofacial pain, joint sounds, and functional limitation. It is estimated that 5% to 12% of the global population present symptoms related to TMD, with a higher prevalence in women of reproductive age, underscoring its clinical and social relevance. This article aims to review the main signs and symptoms of TMD, highlighting their clinical complexity and the diagnostic challenges faced by healthcare professionals. This is a narrative review of the literature, carried out in databases such as PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar, covering both classic studies and recent publications. Findings indicate that pain is the most prevalent symptom, often associated with headaches and otological manifestations, and that the wide variability in clinical presentation contributes to misdiagnosis and inadequate treatments. We conclude that a deeper understanding of TMD signs and symptoms is crucial to support early diagnosis, appropriate interventions, and interdisciplinary management involving dentistry, speech therapy, physiotherapy, and medicine.